Table 3 Guidance for applying the FLL-FB model

Teaching presence

 Key sub-element: design & organization, facilitation & direct instruction

Design and organization

• To provide the learners with information on the topic, goal, and important due dates of the program

• To inform the program clearly

• To prepare and inform instructions on how to participate

Facilitation

• To create two pleasant ways of communicating with learners to create engagement and understanding of the topic

• To guide the learners on tasks and explore new concepts

• To build a sense of community among the learners

Direct Instruction

• To provide instructions for learners to focus on the relevant issue

• To provide feedbacks

Social presence

 Key sub-element: affective expression, open communication and group cohesion

Affective expression

• To build a sense of belonging

• To have an empathy

• To utilize web-based communication

Open communication

• To build an open communication

• To develop a pleasant communication

Group cohesion

• To build open and pleasant communication among learners

• To develop a useful online communication & collaboration

Cognitive presence

 Key sub-elements: triggering event, exploration, integration, and resolution

Triggering event

• To ignite interest and curiosity

• To motivate learners to explore the content

Exploration

• To share a variety of information sources and create

• a brainstorming session

• To manage an online discussion for all learners to share a different perspective

Integration

• To assists learners in combining new information, answering questions, and constructing explanation or solutions

• To develop instructions for learners to reflect and construct a solution

Resolution

• To assists learners in testing and apply the knowledge

• To help learners to understand how to apply the knowledge in their work