Table 3 Variables, descriptions, and measurements

Attitudes

SS1

Creativity—originality

1—I have not questioned myself about this ability

2—I am aware that I do not master, and I need to strengthen this capacity

3—I know how to do it but I still need concentration and effort to achieve it

4—I master the ability and can do it “automatically” or “intuitively”

SS2

Leadership

SS3

Communication skills

SS4

Generation of alliances and contacts

SS5

Problem solving

SS6

Critical thinking and analysis:

SS7

Continuous Learning

SS8

Resilience

SS9

Flexibility

SS10

Continuous technological updating

HS1

Finance

1—Low

2—Medium low

3—Medium high

4—High

HS2

Statistics

HS3

Marketing

HS4

Social Media

HS5

Logistics

HS6

Business model

HS7

Programming languages

HS8

Innovation

HS9

English

Subjective norms

AF1

The country’s culture facilitates entrepreneurial activity:

1—Strongly disagree

2—Disagreement

3—Agree

4—Strongly agree

AF2

Being an entrepreneur is valued positively in the country:

AF3

In the country it is worth taking the risk of undertaking:

AF4

Entrepreneurs in the country generate ventures with social impact:

AF5

Entrepreneurs in the country generate enterprises with environmental impact:

AF6

Entrepreneurship is aimed at contributing to the solution of the country’s most critical problems:

AF7

The country has the necessary conditions to facilitate entrepreneurship:

AF8*

The contribution of the entrepreneur to the economy of the country, where I live is high:

Perceived behavioral control

BA1

I have a hard time taking risks

1—Strongly agree

2—Agree

3—Disagreement

4—Strongly disagree

BA2

My family does not support me to undertake

BA3

I have poor leadership skills

BA4

I do not have adequate training to undertake

BA5

I do not have enough confidence to take my venture forward

BA6

I do not know how to control the risks associated with undertaking

BA7

I am afraid of failing in my business

BA8

I do not have enough contacts to help me start

BA9

I do not know entities that can support my venture

BA10

I do not have close examples of friends or family that serve as a model to undertake

BA11

It is hard to balance my family life with the demands of entrepreneurship

BA12

I have little knowledge of technologies that can support entrepreneurship

BA13

I have little experience to undertake

BA14

I have little ability to communicate my ideas

BA15

Because I belong to an ethnic group, I have less access to financing

BA16

Because of my gender I have less access to financing

BA17

I do not have the time my business requires to be successful

BA18

I have few training opportunities that allow me to strengthen my business

Entrepreneurial intention

EI1

I am willing to do whatever it takes to be an entrepreneur

1—Strongly disagree

2—Disagreement

3—Agree

4—Strongly agree

EI2

My career goal is to become an entrepreneur

EI3

I will strive to create and run my own business

EI4

I am determined to create a business in the future

EI5

I have seriously thought about starting a business

EI6

I have the firm intention of starting a business 1 day

Motivations

MOT1

Advance professionally and not work for others

1—It did not influence my decision to undertake

2—It had something to do with my decision to undertake

3—It was important in my decision to undertake

4—It was the most important thing in my decision to undertake

MOT2

Develop my skills in business and entrepreneurship

MOT3

Take risks and challenges

MOT4

Contribute usefully to society

MOT5

Achieve a higher level of prestige and social recognition

MOT6

Balancing my family life and work life

MOT7

Have my own business so my children can inherit it

MOT8

Get a higher level of income

MOT9

Entrepreneurship is my only option

MOT10

I need financial stability

MOT11

I cannot get a job

MOT12

I was not happy in my previous job

MOT13

I undertake because of the responsibilities I have with my child(ren)

Entrepreneurship stage

What stage is your business at? Likert scale of 6 points

0—None; 1—Idea; 2—Concept/prototype; 3—Implementation; 4—Growth; 5—Scaling

Number ventures

Before your current venture, how many have you undertaken?

Numeric variable

Characteristics of entrepreneurs

Female

Dummy variable

1—Female; 0—Other

Migrant

Dummy variable

1—Migrant; 0—Local

Informal

Dummy variable

1—Informal; 0—Formal